📊StockCalc

Financial Glossary

Clear definitions, formulas, and examples for every stock and investment term. Click any term to learn more.

Valuation Metrics

Enterprise Value

Total company value

Price-to-Sales

Revenue-based valuation

WACC

Weighted Average Cost of Capital

Valuation Methods

How to value a company

PE Ratio

Price-to-Earnings ratio

PB Ratio

Price-to-Book ratio

EPS

Earnings Per Share

Market Cap

Total market value

EV/EBITDA

Enterprise Value to EBITDA

PEG Ratio

PE adjusted for growth

Diluted EPS

EPS including dilutive securities

Dividend Terms

Dividend Yield

Annual dividend as % of price

Payout Ratio

% of earnings paid as dividends

Dividend Stripping

Buying for the dividend payout

Dividend Aristocrats

25+ years of dividend growth

Dividend Reinvestment (DRIP)

Reinvesting dividends automatically

Returns & Performance

CAGR

Compound Annual Growth Rate

ROI

Return on Investment

ROE

Return on Equity

ROA

Return on Assets

Free Cash Flow

Cash after capital expenditures

CAPM

Capital Asset Pricing Model

Sharpe Ratio

Risk-adjusted return measure

Compound Interest

Interest on interest

Technical Analysis

Moving Average

Smoothed price trend indicator

RSI

Relative Strength Index

Support & Resistance

Key price levels

Volume

Shares traded per period

Beta (β)

Stock volatility vs market

52-Week High/Low

Annual price range

Stop Loss

Automatic sell order

Order Book

Buy and sell orders queue

Market Concepts

Bull vs Bear Market

Rising vs falling markets

Blue Chip Stocks

Large, established companies

ETF

Exchange-Traded Fund

Index Fund

Passive market tracking

DCA

Dollar Cost Averaging strategy

Inflation

Rising prices over time

IPO

Initial Public Offering

Stock Split

Dividing existing shares

Liquidity

How easily you can buy/sell

Earnings Report

Quarterly financial results

Recession

Economic downturn

Sector Rotation

Rotating investments by cycle

Yield Curve

Bond yield vs maturity

Asset Allocation

Diversifying across asset classes

Capital Gains Tax

Tax on investment profits

Trading & Risk

Market vs Limit Order

Order types explained

Margin Trading

Borrowing to invest

Short Selling

Betting on price declines

Debt-to-Equity

Financial leverage measure

Options Trading

Trading contracts, not shares

Call Option

Right to buy at a set price

Put Option

Right to sell at a set price

The Greeks

Delta, Gamma, Theta, Vega

Implied Volatility

Market's expectation of future volatility

Black-Scholes Model

Options pricing formula

Funds & Bonds

Hedge Fund

Active investment partnerships

Mutual Fund

Pooled investment vehicles

Bond Yield

Return from bond investments

Treasury Bond

US government debt securities

Credit Rating

Issuer creditworthiness grade

Preferred Stock

Hybrid equity-debt security

Financial Statements

Revenue

Total income from sales

Gross Margin

Revenue minus cost of goods

Operating Margin

Profit from core operations

Net Profit Margin

Bottom-line profitability

EBITDA

Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation

Depreciation

Allocating asset cost over time

Amortization

Spreading intangible asset cost

Cash Flow

Money in and out of a business

Working Capital

Short-term financial health

Retained Earnings

Profits kept in the company

Shareholder Equity

Owners' residual claim

Book Value

Net asset value per share

Investing Strategies

Value Investing

Buying undervalued stocks

Growth Investing

Investing in fast-growing companies

Dividend Growth Investing

Growing income stream

DRIP

Dividend Reinvestment Plan

Passive Investing

Buy and hold strategy

DCA vs Lump Sum

Which strategy works better?

Diversification

Reducing risk through variety

Rebalancing

Resetting your allocation

Intrinsic Value

True underlying worth

Advanced & Risk Metrics

Efficient Market Hypothesis

Can you beat the market?

Equity Risk Premium

Extra return for taking risk

Standard Deviation

Measuring return volatility

Correlation

How assets move together

Drawdown

Peak-to-trough decline

Alpha

Excess return above benchmark

Capital Gain

Profit from selling assets

Dividend Tax

Tax on dividend income

Stock Buyback

Company repurchasing shares

Price-to-Book

Market vs book value

Analysis Methods

Fundamental Analysis

Evaluating intrinsic worth

Technical Analysis

Reading price charts

Quantitative Analysis

Data-driven investing

Bear Market

Sustained market decline

Bull Market

Sustained market rise